The Article Affect, Culture, And Morality, Or Is It...

The article â€Å"Affect, Culture, and Morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog?† attempts to conclude if morality is based solely on a determination of harm, or if cultural norms can act as determinants of morality, even in cases where an action may not result in harm. Jonathan, Koller, and Dias conducted a survey-based experiment, designed with the intent of evaluating the moral reasoning of citizens with varying socio-economic and cultural profiles. The intersectionality of wealth and culture allowed the researchers to determine the universality of specific moral principles. By identifying culturally constructed moral tenets, the researchers were able to determine that only certain aspects of morality are universally determined by the principle of harm, consequently deflating a widely held belief that perceived harm solely informs our determination of morality. The authors preface their research by explaining the two schools of thought regarding the development of morality: one believing our perception of harm is the prime and solitary determinant of moral development, the other suggesting that a confluence of identifiable harm and other cultural factors guide our progress. This disagreement results from a discrepancy concerning the purview of moral principles. Some believe that actions taken in divergence with cultural norms indicate a misunderstanding or unwillingness to conform to convention, not a divergence from a code of morality. Others believe that the moralShow MoreRelatedEssay Moral Realism847 Words   |  4 Pagesoften-debated theories in regards to moral ethics. Consequentialists rely on which right decision will provide the most amount of good. Followers of deontology however, choose what is right based upon decisions regardless of the possible outcome. For instance, consequentialism as a form of utilitarianism might enable the forfeit of one to save a group whereas deontology wouldn’t allow such a move as the individual s rights are being overlooked. These theories are constantly put the test in the moral trolleyRead MoreThe Morality Of Animal Testing And Its Effect On The Biomedical And Consumer World1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe Morality of Animal Testing and its Effect on the Biomedical and Consumer World Animal testing has been a controversial problem in today’s society and it affects people from all over the world1 not just animal activists or scientists. Most of the products and medicines used today have been tested on animals. These animals used in experiments have been thought to only benefit society but morally this hurts our society. This hurts our society because now animal testing has become a social normalityRead MoreMorality Essay examples1606 Words   |  7 PagesMorality is defined as a system or code that we humans use to differentiate between right and wrong. This system could be derived from a number of factors: religion, culture, and upbringing. It is difficult enough to determine what an individuals morals are, but going further to determine how we came to possess those morals is even more ambitious. Still, regardless of its difficulty, this subject consumes many philosophers and psychologists. One such moral psychologists, Jonathan Haidt, is theorizingR ead MoreEthics Is The Search For Universal Objective Principles For Evaluating Human Behavior, Good Or Bad Essay2386 Words   |  10 Pagesinterpret the morally correct resolution when confronted by a moral dilemma can be a very difficult task. In societies today, ethics are developed by one’s religious belief, government, and through experience. 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Symbolism in the English Patient Essay examples - 987 Words

Micheal Ondaatje creates meaning and representation in The English Patient, through the structure of his novel. The author portrays the sequence of events in a non-linear fashion to incorporate them as a puzzle-like story. The puzzle is significant because, the reader is constantly unraveling the novels excerpts together. Symbolism is an important aspect of these passages because, it provides a better understanding of the issues related to the novel such as, destruction, identity, escape, unity, and love. Fire is used symbolically and has an appearance in the lives of all characters as a destructive element. Once the bomb is dropped on Japan and, It rolls across cities like a burst map, the hurricane of heat withering bodies as†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, fire is also associated as a cleanser in the condition of the English Patient, where his identity becomes obliterated. The identity of the English Patient is a mystery from the beginning of the novel, since he lives his life as a spy; however, when he is burned he is completely erased of all nationality and begins to go against the English. What great nation had found him...What country invented such soft dates to be chewed by the man beside him and then passed from that mouth on his. (6), this quotation reflects how the fire has opened up the English Patient into further civilization where no one is labeled or seen as an enemy. The desert is also a metaphor for identity. It constantly changes and is without borders therefore, it cannot be mapped. Identity is seen in a similar way because, ...we became nationless. The desert taught me to hate nations, this statement conveys the idea that people are not defined by nations, thus people are indefinable and changing. The image of the desert and water is portrayed together, especially in relation to the English Patient. The English Patient is linked with the desert, while Katharine is continuously associated with water. In order to survive in a desert, water is essential. This combination of water and desert reflects the importance ofShow MoreRelatedCharacterization And Imagery Of Hester Prynne Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesbandied between my great-grandsires and myself, across the gulf of time! And yet, let them scorn me as they will, strong traits of their nature have intertwined themselves with mine† (Hawthorne 10). Chapter 1 – The Prison Door Juxtaposition and Symbolism â€Å"It may serve, let us hope, to symbolize some sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track or relive the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow† (Hawthorne 46). Chapter 2 – The Market-Place Characterization and Imagery ofRead MoreGodsgift Tamuno. Dr. Tweedy . 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Biotechnology Company Vaccine Ltd.

Question: Discuss about the case study of Biotechnology Company for Vaccine Ltd. Answer: Introduction: Issue: In this case, Mr. Soust was earlier the chief executive officer of a biotechnology company, Select Vaccine Ltd., which was a listed company. Goldberg J of the Federal Court made these orders. In the present case, the ASIC was successful in getting a pecuniary penalty order and also a disqualification order in proceedings that were initiated against Dr. Martin Soust. The Court arrived at the conclusion that contravention had taken place regarding the purchase of the shares of Select Vaccine Ltd by Dr. Soust in the name of his mother on 31st of December, 2007. The effect of this purchase was that the price of the shares of this company was increased from 2.0 cents to 2.5 cents which amounted to a rise of 25 percent. The court heard that the plea regarding the imposition of appropriate penalty and gave the order that Dr. Soust should pay a monetary fine of $80,000. At the same time, the Federal Court also ordered that the concern person should be barred from managing incorporatio n for 10 years in future. It was also ordered by Goldberg J that legal costs should be paid by Mr. Soust to the ASIC. Rule: Select Vaccine Limited was involved in the development and sale of vaccines that preventing infectious diseases. The shares of the company were mentioned on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) but there was very little trading in these shares. At that time, Dr. Martin Soust was acting as the MD and CEO of the company. According to an Executive Service Agreement, the services of Dr. Martin Soust were provided for $245,000 per annum and also a bonus that was related with the movement in the share prices of the company. It also needs to be noted at this point that a bonus was to be paid to Dr. Martin Soust in case there was, a change in the share price of the company, that outpaces the variation in the Intersuisse Biotech Index by a percentage of 10 points. In this way, for instance, in case, the index increases 10 percent within a year, and the share prices of the company increases by 15%, the bonus will amount to 40% of the service fee; in the same way if the index drops 10% and the s hare prices of the company declined by 4%, the bonus will amount to percent of the service fee. In this regard, the balance date of the company was that it was 31st of December every year and the movements taking place in the prices of the shares of the company were to the measured during the reporting period. It also needs to be mentioned that Dr. Martin Soust was also the member of the board of the company. As was the case with all other directors and officers, he had to follow the share trading policy of the company. He was prevented from trading in the shares of the company except during the six weeks, after the annual general meeting of the company and the release of the half yearly and annual financial results of the company. However, Dr. Soust put a bid with his stockbrokers on 31st of Dec. 2007 which was outside these permitted periods. After that moment, the last preceding sale was executed at the price of 2 cents. Dr. Soust was aware that the meaning of the deficiency of market depth was that many trades will be needed to fulfill the order and consequently the prices will increase passed the 2.4 cents at which they were offered earlier. Immediately, a trade was conducted at 2.4 cents and subsequently, two more trades took place at the price of 2.5 cents per share. The result was that the price of the shares of the company increased immediately by 19.05% as compared to the price of 2.1 cents per share on 31st of December, 2006 and outpaced the Intersuisse Biotech Index by 20.54 percent. If that trade was not made by Dr. Soust, the price of the shares of the company would have decreased by 4.76% and in this way, it would have under-achieved the Intersuisse Biotech Index by 3.27%. Later on, Dr. Martin Soust joined the meeting of the remuneration committee of the company and the full board meeting. It was disclosed by him that he had made the trade due to which the price of the shares increased from two cents 2.5 cents. The result was that subsequently it was resolved by the board of the company that the performance bonus should be paid to Dr. Martin Soust. However this would not have been decided by the board if it would have known that the managing director, Dr. Soust was involved in the transaction. Application: Under these circumstances, the ASIC blamed that Dr. Martin Soust had carried out the transactions due to which, an artificial price for the shares of the company has been created (amounting to market manipulation) and it also resulted in a false and misleading impression that an active market was present for the shares of the company or that the shares were being frequently traded at a certain price (amounting to market rigging). The ASIC also accused that Dr. Soust had also failed to discharge his duty to act in good faith, and in the best interests of the company as well as the duty to act for proper purpose. The evidence presented by the ASIC related with the factual background was not challenged by Dr. Soust. Instead he claimed that his actions cannot be considered as a contravention of the various provisions of the Corporations Act. In his support, he claimed that the transactions were generally in the sense that they were not fictituous; in these transactions, the seller was not misled by any means; it is not fake to purchase shares at a price which they were offered; it is not illegal to do something due to which the share prices have increased and the authenticity of the trade was not adversely affected by an ulterior motive. On the other hand, it was argued by the ASIC that the intention behind these transactions was to generate an artificial price for the shares of the company, or in other words, an amount contract only one mainly with the purpose of setting the market. It was claimed that Dr. Martin Soust was not a sincere purchaser and he had hoped that he will have the shares at the best price that will be accepted by any willing and well-informed seller. But instead he paid a price that failed to represent the interplay of the genuine forces regarding supplying and demand.[1] The result was that a false and misleading appearance regarding the price of the shares of the company was created by these transactions, claimed the ASIC. Therefore the ASIC started its civil penalty proceedings on 24 December, 2008 and it sought the declarations from the court that the purchase of the shares had resulted in creating an artificial price for trading in the shares of Select Vaccine Ltd that amounted to a breach of the provisions of section 1041B, Corporations Act. At the same time, the ASIC also sought a declaration from the court that Dr. Martin Soust has also breached his duties as the director of the company and had used his position name properly. Similarly, he failed to act in good faith when he did not inform the board of the company and the remuneration committee regarding his participation in the buying of the shares made on 31 Dec. 2007. The submissions made by the ASIC were preferred by Federal Court. After going through all the evidence placed before it, the Court came to the conclusion that the test that needs to be applied in this case is if the price is constructed or contrived so as to be different from what will generally take place in the ordinary course of things. The court said that it is fundamental for the market integrity that the buyers want that they buy the securities at the lowest possible price and the sellers try to attain the uppermost possible price for the securities. If any other approach is adopted by the buyers of the sellers, open market forces of demand and supply will be distorted by such conduct. It is a misconception to believe in the presence of a genuine seller in isolation, when there is no genuine buyer proposed with acquiring the securities at the lowest possible price. Therefore, the court stated that by purchasing the shares of the company at an artificially high price, amounted t o the contravention of the share trading policy of the company and the fact of concealing this activity from the board of the company also resulted in the breach of the director's duty of good faith by Dr. Soust. Under these circumstances, the court made the following declarations of contravention. It stated that Dr. Martin Soust had contravene the provisions of section 1041A, Corporations Act, when he took part and carried out the transaction regarding which it can be said that it had created an artificial price for trading in the shares of the company. The court also declared that Dr. Soust had contravened the provisions of section 1041(1)(b), Corporations Act when he was involved in an act that had resulted in creating a false and misleading appearance regarding the price for trading of the shares of the company on the ASX. Similarly, it was mentioned by the court that the provisions of section 181(1) of the Corporations Act have also been contravened by Dr. Soust when he did not exercise his powers and discharge his duties as the director of the company in good faith and in the best interests of the company. It was also held that another provision of the Corporations Act, section 182(1) h as been breached by the defendant as he had used his position name properly as Select Vaccines Limiteds director for the purpose of gaining an advantage. Therefore in this case, Goldberg J of the Federal Court had discussed the meaning of artificial price. The court stated that the meaning of the term was a price that has been created with a view that was not related with attaining the outcome of the interplay of general market forces related with the demand and supply and at the same time, the uncertainty regarding section 1041A has been removed by the views of Justice Goldberg which have also been found by the High Court. Conclusion: In this way, in this case it was found by the court that the defendant was involved in market manipulation that contravene the provisions of Corporations Act, namely sections 1041A and 1041B. in this regard, the Federal Court arrived at the conclusion that the term "artificial price" as mentioned in section 1041A is related with the price that is not created with a view to implement or consummate a transaction among sincere parties who want to buy or sell securities in the market but instead for any other purpose that is not related the purpose of achieving the interplay of genuine market forces regarding demand and supply. In this regard, Goldberg J considered the reasoning adopted in North v Marra Developments Ltd by Mason J and stated that these are also applicable to creating an false price for securities as described action 1041A due to the reason that it had resulted in the creation of a false or misleading impression regarding the market for, or the price of securities under s ection 1041B. Bibliography Ann OConnell, Protecting the Integrity of Securities Markets What is an Artificial Price?: DPP (Cth) v JM on Opinions on High (1 August 2013) https://blogs.unimelb. edu.au/opinionsonhigh/2013/07/25/o-connell-jm/ Adler v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2003] NSWCA 131 Briginshaw v Briginshaw [1938] HCA 34 DPP (Cth) v J M [2013] HCA 30 Fame Decorator Agencies Pty Ltd v Jeffries Industries Ltd [1998] NSWSC 157 North v Marra Developments Ltd (1981) [1981] HCA 68

The Canterbury Tales A View Of The Medieval Christian Church Essays

The Canterbury Tales: A view of the Medieval Christian Church SUBJECT: English 243 TITLE: "The Canterbury Tales: A view of the Medieval Christian Church" In discussing Chaucer's collection of stories called The Canterbury Tales, an interesting picture or illustration of the Medieval Christian Church is presented. However, while people demanded more voice in the affairs of government, the church became corrupt -- this corruption also led to a more crooked society. Nevertheless, there is no such thing as just church history; This is because the church can never be studied in isolation, simply because it has always related to the social, economic and political context of the day. In history then, there is a two way process where the church has an influence on the rest of society and of course, society influences the church. This is naturally because it is the people from a society who make up the church....and those same people became the personalities that created these tales of a pilgrimmage to Canterbury. The Christianization of Anglo-Sa xon England was to take place in a relatively short period of time, but this was not because of the success of the Augustinian effort. Indeed, the early years of this mission had an ambivalence which shows in the number of people who hedged their bets by practicing both Christian and Pagan rites at the same time, and in the number of people who promptly apostatized when a Christian king died. There is certainly no evidence for a large-scale conversion of the common people to Christianity at this time. Augustine was not the most diplomatic of men, and managed to antagonize many people of power and influence in Britain, not least among them the native British churchmen, who had never been particularly eager to save the souls of the Anglo-Saxons who had brought such bitter times to their people. In their isolation, the British Church had maintained older ways of celebrated the major festivals of Christianity, and Augustine's effort to compel them to conform to modern Roman usage only a ngered them. When Augustine died (some time between 604 and 609 AD), then, Christianity had only a precarious hold on Anglo-Saxon England, a hold which was limited largely to a few in the aristocracy. Christianity was to become firmly established only as a result of Irish efforts, who from centers in Scotland and Northumbria made the common people Christian, and established on a firm basis the English Church. At all levels of society, belief in a god or gods was not a matter of choice, it was a matter of fact. Atheism was an alien concept (and one dating from the eighteenth century). Living in the middle ages, one would come into contact with the Church in a number of ways. First, there were the routine church services, held daily and attended at least once a week, and the special festivals of Christmas, Easter, baptisms, marriages, etc.. In that respect the medieval Church was no different to the modern one. Second, there were the tithes that the Church collected, usually once a year. Tithes were used to feed the parish priest, maintain the fabric of the church, and to help the poor. Third, the Church fulfilled the functions of a 'civil service' and an education system. Schools did not exist (and were unnecessary to a largely peasant society), but the Church and the government needed men who could read and write in English and Latin. The Church trained its own men, and these went to help in the government: writing letters, keeping accounts and so on. The words 'cleric' and 'clerk' have the same origin, and every nobleman would have at least one priest to act as a secretary. The power of the Church is often over-emphasized. Certainly, the later medieval Church was rich and powerful, and that power was often misused - especially in Europe. Bishops and archbishops were appointed without any training or clerical background, church offices changed hands for cash, and so on. The authority of the early medieval Church in England was no different to that of any other landowner. So, the question that haunted medieval man was that of his own salvation. The existence of God was never